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पत्र 1 · अंग्रेजी भाषा ज्ञान · अध्याय 13

Reading Comprehension (अपठित गद्यांश)

अंग्रेजी भाग के आधे प्रश्न (30) passages पर आते हैं — इसलिए यह अध्याय सबसे ज़्यादा अंक दिला सकता है। उत्तर हमेशा passage के अंदर होता है; अपनी राय या बाहरी जानकारी से नहीं।

अंतिम अपडेट: 2026-10-14

इस अध्याय में
  1. हल करने का तरीका
  2. प्रश्नों के प्रकार
  3. जाल वाले विकल्प
  4. Tone और Attitude के शब्द
  5. Passage 1: Forests and People
  6. Passage 2: Learning in the Mother Tongue
  7. Passage 3: Saving Every Drop
  8. आगे का अभ्यास

हल करने का तरीका

  1. पहले प्रश्नों पर एक नज़र (केवल प्रश्न, विकल्प नहीं) — इससे पता चलता है कि passage में क्या खोजना है।
  2. Passage एक बार ध्यान से पढ़ें — हर paragraph का मुख्य विचार मन में एक पंक्ति में बनाएँ। पहला और अंतिम paragraph सबसे महत्त्वपूर्ण होते हैं।
  3. Signal words पर ध्यान — however, but, therefore, thus, in fact, on the other hand — लेखक का तर्क यहीं मुड़ता है।
  4. हर प्रश्न का उत्तर passage में खोजें — पंक्ति पर वापस जाएँ, याद के भरोसे उत्तर न दें।
  5. विकल्प काटें — जो विकल्प passage से बाहर की बात कहे, बहुत व्यापक/संकीर्ण हो, या "always/never/all" जैसी अति करे, उसे हटाएँ।
समय-प्रबंधन Paper 1 में 120 प्रश्न, 2 घंटे। Passage वाले प्रश्नों के लिए लगभग 25–30 मिनट रखें। एक प्रश्न पर अटकें नहीं — गलत उत्तर पर −1 है।

प्रश्नों के प्रकार

प्रकारप्रश्न का रूपकैसे हल करें
Main idea / Central themeThe passage is mainly about …पूरे passage को समेटने वाला विकल्प — न एक paragraph जितना छोटा, न विषय से बड़ा
TitleThe most suitable title is …main idea का छोटा रूप; आकर्षक पर सटीक
Factual / DetailAccording to the passage, …पंक्ति खोजें; शब्द बदले हुए (paraphrase) होंगे
InferenceIt can be inferred that …जो लिखा नहीं, पर लिखे से ज़रूर निकलता है — अनुमान की छलाँग नहीं
Vocabulary in contextThe word 'X' as used in the passage means …शब्द का शब्दकोश वाला अर्थ नहीं, उस वाक्य वाला अर्थ; विकल्प को शब्द की जगह रखकर पढ़ें
Tone / AttitudeThe author's tone is …लेखक के विशेषण और क्रियाविशेषण देखें
PurposeThe author mentions X in order to …वह उदाहरण किस तर्क का समर्थन कर रहा है
True/False / Not mentionedWhich of the following is NOT true …हर विकल्प को passage से मिलाएँ; NOT/EXCEPT पर ध्यान

जाल वाले विकल्प

Tone और Attitude के शब्द

ToneहिंदीToneहिंदी
optimisticआशावादीpessimisticनिराशावादी
criticalआलोचनात्मकappreciative / laudatoryप्रशंसात्मक
objective / neutralनिष्पक्ष, तटस्थsubjectiveव्यक्तिगत भाव वाला
sarcastic / ironicव्यंग्यात्मकhumorousहास्यपूर्ण
analyticalविश्लेषणात्मकdidacticउपदेशात्मक
nostalgicअतीत की याद वालाsympatheticसहानुभूतिपूर्ण
cautionaryचेतावनी भराindifferentउदासीन

Passage 1: Forests and People

For the people who live on the Chotanagpur plateau, the forest has never been a mere collection of trees. It is a pantry, a pharmacy and a place of worship. Families gather mahua flowers in spring, collect sal leaves to stitch into plates, and know which roots ease a fever and which bark heals a wound. The sacred grove at the edge of a village is not cut, and festivals mark the flowering of the sal tree.

This close relationship, however, has often been ignored by those who see forests only as timber. When large areas are cleared for mines, roads or plantations of a single tree species, the loss is not counted only in hectares. A plantation may look green from a distance, but it cannot give a family the dozens of things a natural forest gives. The knowledge of the elders also begins to fade when the forest that taught it disappears.

Recent experience shows that forests are better protected when the people who depend on them are given a real voice. Village committees that patrol their own forests, decide when leaves may be collected and punish careless felling have often succeeded where distant offices failed. Conservation, it seems, works best not against local communities but through them.

  1. The passage is mainly about —

    1. (a) the timber trade of Jharkhand
    2. (b) the relationship between forest communities and forests
    3. (c) the festivals of the sal tree
    4. (d) the problems of mining companies
    उत्तर देखें

    (b) the relationship between forest communities and forests — तीनों paragraph वन और लोगों के संबंध पर हैं।

  2. According to the passage, a single-species plantation —

    1. (a) cannot replace the many uses of a natural forest
    2. (b) gives everything a forest gives
    3. (c) is the best way to protect forests
    4. (d) is never green
    उत्तर देखें

    (a) cannot replace the many uses of a natural forest — दूसरा paragraph: "it cannot give a family the dozens of things …"

  3. The word "pantry" in the first paragraph refers to the forest as a source of —

    1. (a) medicine
    2. (b) wood
    3. (c) worship
    4. (d) food
    उत्तर देखें

    (d) food — pantry = भोजन रखने की जगह; pharmacy दवा के लिए अलग से कहा गया।

  4. What can be inferred from the third paragraph?

    1. (a) Government offices should be closed.
    2. (b) Villagers always cut trees carelessly.
    3. (c) Local participation helps conservation.
    4. (d) Forests cannot be protected.
    उत्तर देखें

    (c) Local participation helps conservation. — "Conservation … works best … through them."

  5. The author's attitude towards forest communities is —

    1. (a) critical
    2. (b) appreciative
    3. (c) indifferent
    4. (d) sarcastic
    उत्तर देखें

    (b) appreciative — लेखक उनके ज्ञान और भूमिका की प्रशंसा करता है।

  6. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?

    1. (a) Forest produce is exported abroad.
    2. (b) Mahua flowers are gathered in spring.
    3. (c) Sal leaves are stitched into plates.
    4. (d) Sacred groves are not cut.
    उत्तर देखें

    (a) Forest produce is exported abroad. — निर्यात का उल्लेख नहीं।

Passage 2: Learning in the Mother Tongue

A child who enters school already knows a great deal. She can count the goats in her yard, describe the way to the weekly market and sing the songs of her grandmother. Yet in many classrooms this knowledge is left at the door, because the teacher speaks a language the child barely understands. For the first few years, the child is not learning arithmetic or science; she is struggling simply to follow the words.

Educationists have long argued that children learn best when they begin in the language they speak at home. Concepts grasped in the mother tongue are not lost when a second language is introduced later; instead, they act as a bridge. A child who understands what a fraction is in Kurmali or Santhali will not have to learn the idea again in Hindi or English — she will only need new words for it.

This does not mean that other languages should be kept away. Hindi and English open doors to higher education and employment, and every child deserves the chance to master them. The question is one of order and method. A strong foundation in the mother tongue, followed by a careful and gradual introduction of other languages, gives children both roots and wings.

  1. The central idea of the passage is that —

    1. (a) English should be taught from the first day
    2. (b) early education in the mother tongue helps learning
    3. (c) children do not need to learn Hindi
    4. (d) schools should teach only songs
    उत्तर देखें

    (b) early education in the mother tongue helps learning — पूरा passage मातृभाषा में शुरुआती शिक्षा के लाभ पर है।

  2. According to the passage, why does a child struggle in the first few years?

    1. (a) The teacher speaks a language she barely understands.
    2. (b) She is not intelligent.
    3. (c) The subjects are too difficult.
    4. (d) She has to work at home.
    उत्तर देखें

    (a) The teacher speaks a language she barely understands. — पहला paragraph।

  3. The word "bridge" in the second paragraph suggests that concepts learnt in the mother tongue —

    1. (a) are forgotten later
    2. (b) block other languages
    3. (c) are useful only at home
    4. (d) help in learning through a second language
    उत्तर देखें

    (d) help in learning through a second language — पुल = दूसरी भाषा तक पहुँचने का माध्यम।

  4. The author's view about Hindi and English is that they —

    1. (a) should be avoided
    2. (b) are more important than the mother tongue
    3. (c) are important and should be introduced gradually
    4. (d) are not useful for jobs
    उत्तर देखें

    (c) are important and should be introduced gradually — तीसरा paragraph: order and method।

  5. The phrase "roots and wings" means —

    1. (a) plants and birds
    2. (b) a firm base and the ability to rise
    3. (c) home and school
    4. (d) old and new songs
    उत्तर देखें

    (b) a firm base and the ability to rise — roots = नींव, wings = आगे बढ़ने की क्षमता।

  6. The most suitable title for the passage is —

    1. (a) Mother Tongue: The First Bridge to Learning
    2. (b) The Weekly Market
    3. (c) Why English Is Difficult
    4. (d) Songs of Grandmother
    उत्तर देखें

    (a) Mother Tongue: The First Bridge to Learning — main idea को समेटता है।

Passage 3: Saving Every Drop

Much of Jharkhand receives good rainfall, yet many of its villages face water shortage in summer. The reason lies partly in the land itself. On the undulating plateau, rainwater runs off quickly down the slopes, carrying away fertile soil and filling the rivers for a few weeks before they shrink again. The rain falls, but it does not stay.

Farmers and village groups have shown that this need not be so. Small check dams across seasonal streams, ponds dug at the right spots and earthen bunds along field edges slow the water down and give it time to soak into the ground. Wells that once ran dry by March now hold water for longer, and a second crop becomes possible on land that was earlier left fallow.

Such work is neither glamorous nor expensive, and that is precisely its strength. It relies on local labour, local knowledge and regular maintenance rather than on huge projects that take years to complete. The lesson is simple: water must be caught where it falls.

  1. According to the passage, villages face water shortage mainly because —

    1. (a) it does not rain
    2. (b) rainwater runs off quickly instead of staying
    3. (c) rivers are polluted
    4. (d) people waste water
    उत्तर देखें

    (b) rainwater runs off quickly instead of staying — "The rain falls, but it does not stay."

  2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a method of conserving water?

    1. (a) Desalination plants
    2. (b) Ponds
    3. (c) Earthen bunds
    4. (d) Check dams
    उत्तर देखें

    (a) Desalination plants — desalination का उल्लेख नहीं।

  3. The word "fallow" in the second paragraph means —

    1. (a) very fertile
    2. (b) sold
    3. (c) flooded
    4. (d) left unsown
    उत्तर देखें

    (d) left unsown — fallow = बिना बोए छोड़ी गई ज़मीन।

  4. According to the author, the strength of small water projects lies in their being —

    1. (a) large and famous
    2. (b) completed by outside experts
    3. (c) simple, cheap and locally managed
    4. (d) built only on big rivers
    उत्तर देखें

    (c) simple, cheap and locally managed — तीसरा paragraph।

  5. "Water must be caught where it falls" means that —

    1. (a) rain should be stopped
    2. (b) rainwater should be collected and stored locally
    3. (c) water should be bought from other places
    4. (d) only rivers should be used
    उत्तर देखें

    (b) rainwater should be collected and stored locally — स्थानीय जल-संग्रह।

  6. The tone of the passage is —

    1. (a) practical and hopeful
    2. (b) hopeless
    3. (c) humorous
    4. (d) angry
    उत्तर देखें

    (a) practical and hopeful — समस्या के साथ व्यावहारिक समाधान।

आगे का अभ्यास