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पत्र 1 · अंग्रेजी भाषा ज्ञान · अध्याय 6

Direct and Indirect Speech (Narration)

किसी की कही बात को उसी के शब्दों में (Direct) या अपने शब्दों में (Indirect) बताना। चार चीज़ें बदलती हैं — Reporting verb, Tense, Pronoun और समय-स्थान के शब्द।

अंतिम अपडेट: 2026-10-14

इस अध्याय में
  1. Direct और Indirect Speech
  2. Reporting Verb बदलना
  3. Tense के नियम (Backshift)
  4. जब Tense नहीं बदलता
  5. Pronoun बदलना: SON नियम
  6. समय और स्थान के शब्द
  7. Assertive (कथन) वाक्य
  8. Interrogative (प्रश्न) वाक्य
  9. Imperative (आज्ञा) वाक्य
  10. Exclamatory और Optative वाक्य
  11. मिश्रित वाक्य और Indirect से Direct
  12. अभ्यास प्रश्न

Direct और Indirect Speech

भागउदाहरण मेंकाम
Reporting Verbsaidबताने वाली क्रिया
Reported Speech"I am tired."उद्धरण चिह्न के अंदर की बात

Indirect बनाते समय चार चीज़ें बदलती हैं: (1) Reporting verb और जोड़ने वाला शब्द, (2) Tense, (3) Pronoun, (4) समय-स्थान और निकटता के शब्द। उद्धरण चिह्न (" ") और अल्पविराम हट जाते हैं।

Reporting Verb बदलना

Reported Speech का प्रकारReporting Verbजोड़ने वाला शब्द
Assertive (कथन)said → said; said to → toldthat
Interrogative — Yes/Noasked, enquired, wanted to knowif / whether
Interrogative — Wh-asked, enquiredवही Wh- शब्द (who, what, why …)
Imperative (आदेश/अनुरोध/सलाह)ordered, commanded, requested, advised, begged, urged, forbadeto + V1 (नकारात्मक: not to)
Imperative (Let's — प्रस्ताव)proposed / suggestedthat … should
Exclamatoryexclaimed with joy/sorrow/surprise, applaudedthat
Optative (इच्छा/आशीर्वाद)wished, prayed, blessedthat … might
said to → told told के बाद हमेशा व्यक्ति (object) आता है: He told me that … (told that ✗)। said के बाद व्यक्ति सीधे नहीं: said to me (said me ✗)।

Tense के नियम (Backshift)

Reporting verb Past में हो (said, told, asked), तो reported speech का Tense एक कदम पीछे जाता है:

DirectIndirectउदाहरण (Direct → Indirect)
Present SimplePast Simple"I live here." → he lived there
Present ContinuousPast Continuous"I am going." → he was going
Present PerfectPast Perfect"I have finished." → he had finished
Present Perfect ContinuousPast Perfect Continuous"I have been waiting." → he had been waiting
Past SimplePast Perfect"I saw him." → he had seen him
Past ContinuousPast Perfect Continuous"I was reading." → he had been reading
Past Perfectकोई बदलाव नहीं"I had left." → he had left
will / shallwould (shall → should, प्रस्ताव/कर्तव्य में)"I will come." → he would come
cancould"I can swim." → he could swim
maymight"It may rain." → it might rain
musthad to (बाध्यता) / must (स्थायी नियम, अनुमान)"I must go." → he had to go
बिना बदलाव वाले Modal: would, should, could, might, ought to, used to, had better — ये Indirect में वैसे ही रहते हैं।

जब Tense नहीं बदलता

  1. Reporting verb Present या Future में हो: He says, "I am busy." → He says that he is busy. He will say, "I am innocent." → He will say that he is innocent.
  2. सार्वभौमिक सत्य, वैज्ञानिक तथ्य, कहावत: The teacher said, "The earth is round." → The teacher said that the earth is round.
  3. आदत या अभी भी सच बात (वैकल्पिक): She said, "I get up at five." → She said that she gets up at five. — परीक्षा में आमतौर पर Past ही चुनें, जब तक "सार्वभौमिक सत्य" स्पष्ट न हो।
  4. ऐतिहासिक घटना (Past Simple वैसे ही रह सकता है): He said, "Akbar ruled India." → He said that Akbar ruled India.
  5. काल्पनिक वाक्य (wish, if-unreal, it is time, as if): He said, "I wish I were rich." → He said that he wished he were rich.

Pronoun बदलना: SON नियम

Reported speech का Pronounबदलेगा …उदाहरण
S — First person (I, me, my, we, our)Subject (reporting verb के कर्ता) के अनुसारShe said, "I am ill." → She said that she was ill.
O — Second person (you, your)Object (जिससे कहा गया) के अनुसारHe said to me, "You are late." → He told me that I was late.
N — Third person (he, she, they)No changeI said, "He is honest." → I said that he was honest.
Object न दिया हो तो He said, "You are right." — सुनने वाला स्पष्ट नहीं, तो you को संदर्भ अनुसार me/him/them करें; परीक्षा में प्रायः He told me that I was right.

समय और स्थान के शब्द

DirectIndirectDirectIndirect
nowthenherethere
todaythat daythisthat
tonightthat nightthesethose
yesterdaythe previous day / the day beforeagobefore
tomorrowthe next day / the following daythusso / in that way
last nightthe previous night / the night beforehencethence
last weekthe previous weeknext weekthe following week
comego (स्थान बदलने पर)Good morning (अभिवादन)wished/greeted … good morning
हर बार बदलना ज़रूरी नहीं ये बदलाव तभी होते हैं जब रिपोर्ट करते समय समय/स्थान बदल गया हो। परीक्षा में सामान्यतः बदलाव वाला विकल्प ही सही माना जाता है। this/these समय के साथ आए तो that/those, पर किसी सामने रखी वस्तु के लिए the भी: "This pen is mine." → he said that the pen was his.

Assertive (कथन) वाक्य

Interrogative (प्रश्न) वाक्य

दो बातें ज़रूरी: (1) said/said to → asked/enquired। (2) प्रश्न को कथन के क्रम (Subject + Verb) में बदलें, प्रश्नचिह्न हटाकर पूर्ण विराम लगाएँ; do/does/did हटा दें। that नहीं लगता।
प्रकारDirectIndirect
Yes/NoHe said to me, "Are you ready?"He asked me if/whether I was ready.
Yes/No (do)She said, "Do you know him?"She asked if I knew him.
Yes/No (did)He said to her, "Did you call me?"He asked her if she had called him.
Wh-The teacher said to Ravi, "Why are you late?"The teacher asked Ravi why he was late.
Wh- (do)He said, "Where do you live?"He asked where I lived.
Wh- (कर्ता)She said, "Who broke the vase?"She asked who had broken the vase.
सबसे आम गलती He asked me where did I live. ✗ → He asked me where I lived. ✓ (Indirect में प्रश्न का क्रम नहीं रहता)। He asked me that whether … ✗ — that और if/whether साथ नहीं।

Imperative (आज्ञा) वाक्य

भावDirectIndirect
आदेशThe officer said to the soldiers, "Fire!"The officer ordered the soldiers to fire.
अनुरोधShe said to me, "Please lend me your pen."She requested me to lend her my pen.
सलाहThe doctor said, "Take rest."The doctor advised me to take rest.
नकारात्मकMother said, "Don't go out in the sun."Mother told/advised me not to go out in the sun. / Mother forbade me to go out in the sun.
विनतीThe beggar said, "Sir, give me some food."The beggar respectfully begged the gentleman to give him some food.
Let's (प्रस्ताव)He said, "Let's go for a walk."He proposed/suggested that they should go for a walk.
Let (अनुमति)He said, "Let me go."He requested that he might be allowed to go.
संबोधन Sir, Madam, Friends हटाकर भाव reporting verb में डालें: "Sir, please help me." → He respectfully requested the teacher to help him. please शब्द Indirect में नहीं आता — requested उसी का काम करता है।

Exclamatory और Optative वाक्य

DirectIndirect
He said, "Hurrah! We have won the match."He exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
She said, "Alas! I am ruined."She exclaimed with sorrow that she was ruined.
He said, "What a beautiful scene it is!"He exclaimed that it was a very beautiful scene.
They said, "How clever the boy is!"They exclaimed that the boy was very clever.
He said, "Bravo! Well done!"He applauded them, saying that they had done well.
Mother said, "May God bless you!"Mother prayed that God might bless me.
He said, "Good morning, friends."He wished his friends good morning.
They said, "Long live the king!"They prayed that the king might live long.

what a / how → very / great; विस्मयादिबोधक चिह्न हटकर पूर्ण विराम।

मिश्रित वाक्य और Indirect से Direct

एक ही उद्धरण में दो प्रकार के वाक्य हों तो हर हिस्से के लिए अलग reporting verb और and added that / and asked से जोड़ें:

Indirect से Direct: उल्टी प्रक्रिया — reporting verb को said/said to करें, उद्धरण चिह्न लगाएँ, Tense एक कदम आगे, Pronoun वक्ता के दृष्टिकोण से: He asked me if I was ready. → He said to me, "Are you ready?"

अभ्यास प्रश्न

दिए गए वाक्य का सही Indirect (या Direct) रूप चुनिए।

  1. He said, "I am busy."

    1. (a) He said that I was busy.
    2. (b) He said that he was busy.
    3. (c) He said that he is being busy.
    4. (d) He told that he was busy.
    उत्तर देखें

    (b) He said that he was busy. — I → he (subject के अनुसार), am → was।

  2. She said to me, "You are late."

    1. (a) She told me that I was late.
    2. (b) She said me that I was late.
    3. (c) She told me that you were late.
    4. (d) She told to me that I was late.
    उत्तर देखें

    (a) She told me that I was late. — said to → told; you → I (object me के अनुसार)।

  3. The teacher said, "The sun rises in the east."

    1. (a) The teacher said that the sun rose in the east.
    2. (b) The teacher told that the sun rises in the east.
    3. (c) The teacher said that the sun had risen in the east.
    4. (d) The teacher said that the sun rises in the east.
    उत्तर देखें

    (d) The teacher said that the sun rises in the east. — सार्वभौमिक सत्य — Tense नहीं बदलता।

  4. He said to me, "Where do you live?"

    1. (a) He asked me where did I live.
    2. (b) He asked me that where I lived.
    3. (c) He asked me where I lived.
    4. (d) He told me where I lived.
    उत्तर देखें

    (c) He asked me where I lived. — Wh- प्रश्न: कथन का क्रम, do हटा।

  5. She said to him, "Are you coming?"

    1. (a) She asked him that he was coming.
    2. (b) She asked him if he was coming.
    3. (c) She asked him was he coming.
    4. (d) She told him if he was coming.
    उत्तर देखें

    (b) She asked him if he was coming. — Yes/No → if/whether।

  6. The officer said to the guard, "Shut the gate."

    1. (a) The officer ordered the guard to shut the gate.
    2. (b) The officer ordered the guard that shut the gate.
    3. (c) The officer said the guard to shut the gate.
    4. (d) The officer ordered the guard shut the gate.
    उत्तर देखें

    (a) The officer ordered the guard to shut the gate. — आदेश → ordered + to + V1।

  7. Mother said to me, "Don't play in the sun."

    1. (a) Mother told me to not play in the sun.
    2. (b) Mother advised me don't play in the sun.
    3. (c) Mother advised me that not play in the sun.
    4. (d) Mother advised me not to play in the sun.
    उत्तर देखें

    (d) Mother advised me not to play in the sun. — नकारात्मक आदेश → not to + V1।

  8. He said, "I saw a tiger yesterday."

    1. (a) He said that he saw a tiger yesterday.
    2. (b) He said that he has seen a tiger the day before.
    3. (c) He said that he had seen a tiger the previous day.
    4. (d) He said that he had seen a tiger yesterday.
    उत्तर देखें

    (c) He said that he had seen a tiger the previous day. — Past Simple → Past Perfect; yesterday → the previous day।

  9. He said, "I will go tomorrow."

    1. (a) He said that he will go tomorrow.
    2. (b) He said that he would go the next day.
    3. (c) He said that he would go tomorrow.
    4. (d) He said that he should go the next day.
    उत्तर देखें

    (b) He said that he would go the next day. — will → would; tomorrow → the next day।

  10. She says, "I am tired."

    1. (a) She says that she is tired.
    2. (b) She says that she was tired.
    3. (c) She said that she is tired.
    4. (d) She says that I am tired.
    उत्तर देखें

    (a) She says that she is tired. — Reporting verb Present — Tense नहीं बदलता।

  11. He said, "Let us go for a picnic."

    1. (a) He told us to go for a picnic.
    2. (b) He suggested them to go for a picnic.
    3. (c) He proposed that let us go for a picnic.
    4. (d) He proposed that they should go for a picnic.
    उत्तर देखें

    (d) He proposed that they should go for a picnic. — Let's → proposed/suggested that … should।

  12. He said, "Alas! My dog is dead."

    1. (a) He said with joy that his dog was dead.
    2. (b) He exclaimed that alas his dog was dead.
    3. (c) He exclaimed with sorrow that his dog was dead.
    4. (d) He exclaimed with sorrow that my dog is dead.
    उत्तर देखें

    (c) He exclaimed with sorrow that his dog was dead. — Alas → exclaimed with sorrow।

  13. The old man said, "May you live long!"

    1. (a) The old man wished that I live long.
    2. (b) The old man prayed that I might live long.
    3. (c) The old man blessed that I may live long.
    4. (d) The old man prayed may I live long.
    उत्तर देखें

    (b) The old man prayed that I might live long. — Optative → prayed/wished that … might।

  14. He said, "What a lovely garden it is!"

    1. (a) He exclaimed that it was a very lovely garden.
    2. (b) He exclaimed that what a lovely garden it was.
    3. (c) He said that it is a very lovely garden.
    4. (d) He exclaimed that it is lovely garden.
    उत्तर देखें

    (a) He exclaimed that it was a very lovely garden. — what a → very; exclaimed।

  15. She said, "I have been working here for five years."

    1. (a) She said that she has been working there for five years.
    2. (b) She said that she had worked here since five years.
    3. (c) She said that she was working here for five years.
    4. (d) She said that she had been working there for five years.
    उत्तर देखें

    (d) She said that she had been working there for five years. — Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous; here → there।

  16. He said to her, "Can you help me?"

    1. (a) He asked her could she help him.
    2. (b) He asked her if she can help him.
    3. (c) He asked her if she could help him.
    4. (d) He requested her that she could help him.
    उत्तर देखें

    (c) He asked her if she could help him. — can → could; Yes/No → if।

  17. The boy said, "I must finish my homework."

    1. (a) The boy said that he must have finished his homework.
    2. (b) The boy said that he had to finish his homework.
    3. (c) The boy said that he has to finish his homework.
    4. (d) The boy said that I must finish my homework.
    उत्तर देखें

    (b) The boy said that he had to finish his homework. — बाध्यता वाला must → had to।

  18. He asked me if I had finished my work. (Change into Direct)

    1. (a) He said to me, "Have you finished your work?"
    2. (b) He said to me, "Had you finished your work?"
    3. (c) He said to me, "Did you finish my work?"
    4. (d) He said, "Have I finished your work?"
    उत्तर देखें

    (a) He said to me, "Have you finished your work?" — had finished → Have … finished (एक कदम आगे)।

  19. The student said, "Sir, please grant me leave."

    1. (a) The student requested the teacher please grant him leave.
    2. (b) The student ordered the teacher to grant him leave.
    3. (c) The student told sir to grant him leave.
    4. (d) The student respectfully requested the teacher to grant him leave.
    उत्तर देखें

    (d) The student respectfully requested the teacher to grant him leave. — Sir + please → respectfully requested … to।

  20. He said, "These books are mine."

    1. (a) He said that these books were mine.
    2. (b) He said that those books are his.
    3. (c) He said that those books were his.
    4. (d) He said that these books were his.
    उत्तर देखें

    (c) He said that those books were his. — these → those, mine → his, are → were।

साथ में पढ़ेंTenses · Active and Passive Voice

संदर्भ

ये नोट्स हमने अपने शब्दों में लिखे हैं। नियमों और उदाहरणों का मिलान इन मानक स्रोतों से किया गया है:

  • British Council, LearnEnglish — Grammar: Reported speech 1 – statements (backshift, pronouns, time and place words, no-backshift cases)