पत्र 1 · अंग्रेजी भाषा ज्ञान · अध्याय 2

Tenses (काल)

Fill in the blanks, error spotting और sentence improvement के सबसे अधिक प्रश्न Tense से आते हैं। हर Tense का formula, हिंदी से पहचान और परीक्षा के खास नियम एक जगह।

अंतिम अपडेट: 2026-10-14

इस अध्याय में

Tense क्या है: तीन काल, चार रूप
12 Tenses का पूरा चार्ट
Present Tense के चार रूप
Past Tense के चार रूप
Future Tense और भविष्य के अन्य रूप
Stative Verbs: जो Continuous में नहीं आते
Since और For
Conditional Sentences (If)
Sequence of Tenses
खास रचनाएँ: It is time, Wish, As if, Would rather
Tense की आम गलतियाँ
अभ्यास प्रश्न

Tense क्या है: तीन काल, चार रूप

क्रिया का वह रूप जिससे काम के समय (Present, Past, Future) और उसकी अवस्था (साधारण, जारी, पूरा, पूरा होकर भी जारी) का पता चले, Tense कहलाता है। 3 काल × 4 रूप = 12 Tenses।

रूप (Aspect)	भाव	पहचान
Simple (Indefinite)	सामान्य, आदत, सत्य	V1/V2/will + V1
Continuous (Progressive)	काम जारी है/था/होगा	be + V-ing
Perfect	काम पूरा हो चुका है/था/होगा	have/has/had + V3
Perfect Continuous	किसी समय से लगातार जारी	have/has/had been + V-ing + since/for

V1, V2, V3 क्या हैं? V1 = base form (write), V2 = past (wrote), V3 = past participle (written), V-ing = writing। He/She/It/singular noun के साथ Present Simple में V1 + s/es।

12 Tenses का पूरा चार्ट

Tense	Formula (Affirmative)	हिंदी पहचान	उदाहरण
Present Simple	S + V1(s/es)	ता है, ती है, ते हैं	He plays.
Present Continuous	S + is/am/are + V-ing	रहा है, रही है, रहे हैं	He is playing.
Present Perfect	S + has/have + V3	चुका है, लिया है, आया है (काम अभी पूरा)	He has played.
Present Perfect Continuous	S + has/have been + V-ing + since/for	(समय) से … रहा है	He has been playing for an hour.
Past Simple	S + V2	आ, ई, ए (गया, खाया), था (अकेला)	He played.
Past Continuous	S + was/were + V-ing	रहा था, रही थी, रहे थे	He was playing.
Past Perfect	S + had + V3	चुका था, लिया था (दो कामों में पहला)	He had played.
Past Perfect Continuous	S + had been + V-ing + since/for	(समय) से … रहा था	He had been playing since morning.
Future Simple	S + will/shall + V1	गा, गी, गे	He will play.
Future Continuous	S + will be + V-ing	रहा होगा, रही होगी	He will be playing.
Future Perfect	S + will have + V3	चुका होगा	He will have played.
Future Perfect Continuous	S + will have been + V-ing + since/for	(समय) से … रहा होगा	He will have been playing for two hours.

हिंदी "था" से धोखा "वह बीमार था" = He was ill (Past Simple)। "उसने खाना खाया था" को हमेशा Past Perfect न मानें — अगर बस अतीत की एक घटना है तो अंग्रेजी में Past Simple ही ठीक है: I saw him yesterday. Past Perfect तभी जब दो अतीत कामों में पहला दिखाना हो।

Present Tense के चार रूप

Present SimpleS + V1 (he/she/it: V1+s/es)− S + do/does + not + V1 · ? Do/Does + S + V1?She teaches at Ranchi. — वह राँची में पढ़ाती है।

प्रयोग: आदत और दिनचर्या; सार्वभौमिक सत्य; कहावतें; समय-सारिणी वाला भविष्य; कहानी/कमेंटरी; if, when, unless, until, as soon as, before, after के बाद भविष्य के अर्थ में।

Water boils at 100°C. — सार्वभौमिक सत्य
The sun rises in the east. — सत्य — Past के वाक्य में भी Present ही रहेगा
The train leaves at 6 a.m. tomorrow. — तय समय-सारिणी
I will call you when he comes. — when के बाद भविष्य के लिए Present Simple (will come ✗)
Honesty is the best policy. — कहावत

Time words: always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never, every day, daily, generally।

-s / -es जोड़ने के नियम: go → goes, do → does, watch → watches, fix → fixes, miss → misses; व्यंजन + y: study → studies, cry → cries; स्वर + y: play → plays; have → has। does/doesn't के बाद V1 बिना s: Does he play? He doesn't play.

Present ContinuousS + is/am/are + V-ing− S + is/am/are + not + V-ing · ? Is/Am/Are + S + V-ing?They are building a dam. — वे एक बाँध बना रहे हैं।

प्रयोग: अभी चल रहा काम; इन दिनों चल रहा अस्थायी काम; पहले से तय निकट भविष्य की योजना; always के साथ खीज।

Look! It is raining. — अभी — look, listen, now, at present, at the moment, these days
I am meeting the principal tomorrow. — तय योजना
He is always complaining. — खीज/शिकायत का भाव

Present PerfectS + has/have + V3− S + has/have + not + V3 · ? Has/Have + S + V3?I have finished my work. — मैंने अपना काम पूरा कर लिया है।

प्रयोग: काम अभी-अभी पूरा हुआ; अतीत के काम का असर अभी है; जीवन का अनुभव (समय बताए बिना); अब तक जारी अवस्था (since/for के साथ, stative verbs में)।

Time words: just, already, yet, ever, never, recently, lately, so far, till now, up to now, this week/month/year, today (जो अभी खत्म नहीं), since, for।

Present Perfect के साथ बीता हुआ निश्चित समय नहीं yesterday, last week, ago, in 2019, when (प्रश्नवाचक) — ये बीता हुआ निश्चित समय बताते हैं, इनके साथ Past Simple: I met him yesterday. (have met him yesterday ✗) When did you arrive? (When have you arrived ✗)

Have you ever visited Hundru Falls? — अनुभव — ever
She has just left. — just
He hasn't replied yet. — yet — नकारात्मक/प्रश्न में, वाक्य के अंत में
I have known him since 2015. — know stative है — Perfect Continuous नहीं

Present Perfect ContinuousS + has/have been + V-ing + since/for− S + has/have not been + V-ing · ? Has/Have + S + been + V-ing?It has been raining since morning. — सुबह से बारिश हो रही है।

अतीत में शुरू हुआ काम जो अब तक जारी है — समय के साथ since/for। How long वाले प्रश्न प्रायः इसी में।

Past Tense के चार रूप

Past SimpleS + V2− S + did + not + V1 · ? Did + S + V1?Birsa Munda led the Ulgulan. — बिरसा मुंडा ने उलगुलान का नेतृत्व किया।

प्रयोग: अतीत में पूरा हुआ काम, समय बताया हो या समझा जाए; अतीत की आदत; अतीत की लगातार घटनाएँ।

Time words: yesterday, ago, last night/week/year, in 1947, the other day, once, formerly।

did के बाद V1 Did he go? He did not go. (did not went ✗, did he went ✗)।

Past ContinuousS + was/were + V-ing− S + was/were + not + V-ing · ? Was/Were + S + V-ing?I was reading when the light went off. — जब बत्ती गई, मैं पढ़ रहा था।

अतीत के किसी समय पर जारी काम; जब लंबा काम चल रहा था तब छोटा काम हुआ (लंबा → Past Continuous, छोटा → Past Simple); while के साथ दो साथ-साथ जारी काम।

While I was cooking, she was cleaning the room. — दो साथ-साथ जारी काम
He was sleeping when the thief entered. — लंबा + छोटा काम

Past PerfectS + had + V3− S + had + not + V3 · ? Had + S + V3?The train had left before we reached. — हमारे पहुँचने से पहले ट्रेन जा चुकी थी।

अतीत के दो कामों में जो पहले हुआ उसके लिए Past Perfect, बाद वाले के लिए Past Simple।

Conjunction	पहला काम (Past Perfect)	बाद का काम (Past Simple)
before	The patient had died	before the doctor came.
after	After he had finished his work,	he went home.
when	When I reached, the meeting had already begun.	(पहुँचना बाद में, शुरू होना पहले)
no sooner … than / hardly … when	No sooner had he arrived	than the rain started.

Past Perfect Continuous: S + had been + V-ing + since/for — अतीत के किसी बिंदु तक लगातार चलता रहा काम: She had been waiting for two hours when the bus came.

Future Tense और भविष्य के अन्य रूप

Future SimpleS + will/shall + V1− S + will/shall + not + V1 · ? Will/Shall + S + V1?The results will be declared next month. — परिणाम अगले महीने घोषित होंगे।

Shall / Will: पारंपरिक नियम — सामान्य भविष्य में I/We के साथ shall, बाकी के साथ will; दृढ़ निश्चय, वादा, धमकी में उल्टा। आज के अंग्रेजी में सभी के साथ will सामान्य है। प्रश्न में सलाह/प्रस्ताव के लिए Shall I open the window? Shall we go?

Future ContinuousS + will be + V-ing− S + will not be + V-ing · ? Will + S + be + V-ing?This time tomorrow I will be travelling to Delhi. — कल इस समय मैं दिल्ली जा रहा होऊँगा।

Future PerfectS + will have + V3− S + will not have + V3 · ? Will + S + have + V3?By March, they will have completed the bridge. — मार्च तक वे पुल पूरा कर चुके होंगे।

Future Perfect का संकेत: by + समय (by next year, by then, by the time …)। by the time के बाद Present Simple: By the time you arrive, we will have left.

Future Perfect ContinuousS + will have been + V-ing + since/for− S + will not have been + V-ing · ? Will + S + have been + V-ing?By June, I will have been working here for ten years. — जून तक मुझे यहाँ काम करते दस साल हो जाएँगे।

भविष्य बताने के और तरीके

रचना	भाव	उदाहरण
be going to + V1	पहले से इरादा; सामने दिख रहे संकेत से अनुमान	I am going to buy a bike. Look at the clouds — it is going to rain.
be about to + V1	बस होने ही वाला है	The train is about to leave.
be to + V1	तय कार्यक्रम/आदेश	The PM is to visit Ranchi on Monday.
Present Continuous	व्यक्तिगत तय योजना	We are leaving tonight.
Present Simple	समय-सारिणी	The exam starts at 10.

Stative Verbs: जो Continuous में नहीं आते

जो क्रियाएँ अवस्था बताती हैं (काम नहीं), वे सामान्यतः Continuous रूप में नहीं आतीं।

वर्ग	क्रियाएँ
इंद्रियाँ	see, hear, smell, taste, feel (अनुभव होना), notice
मन/विचार	know, understand, believe, think (राय), remember, forget, mean, realise, suppose, recognise, doubt
भावना	love, like, hate, dislike, want, wish, prefer, mind, need
स्वामित्व	have (रखना), own, possess, belong, consist, contain, include
अन्य	seem, appear (प्रतीत होना), cost, weigh (वज़न होना), resemble, deserve, matter, exist

I know him well. — I am knowing ✗
This book belongs to me. — is belonging ✗
I have known her for years. — have been knowing ✗
She is having lunch. — ✓ — have का अर्थ 'खाना' है, अवस्था नहीं
I am thinking about the plan. — ✓ — think = सोच-विचार करना (काम); I think (= मेरी राय) he is right

Since और For

	Since	For
बताता है	शुरुआत का बिंदु (कब से)	अवधि (कितनी देर से)
उदाहरण	since Monday, since 2010, since morning, since 5 o'clock, since childhood, since he left	for two days, for ten years, for a long time, for hours, for a week
Tense	Perfect / Perfect Continuous	Perfect / Perfect Continuous (और कोई भी Tense, अवधि बताने में)

He has been living here since 2018. — बिंदु
He has been living here for eight years. — अवधि
It is five years since I left school. — It is/has been + समय + since + Past Simple
I lived in Bokaro for three years. — अवधि जो अब खत्म — Past Simple + for

from के साथ दोनों सिरे from तब लगता है जब शुरुआत और अंत दोनों हों: from Monday to Friday। Perfect Tense में शुरुआत के लिए since: I have been here since Monday (from Monday ✗)।

Conditional Sentences (If)

प्रकार	If वाला हिस्सा	मुख्य हिस्सा	भाव	उदाहरण
Zero	if + Present Simple	Present Simple	सामान्य सत्य/नियम	If you heat ice, it melts.
First	if + Present Simple	will + V1	वास्तविक, संभव भविष्य	If it rains, we will stay home.
Second	if + Past Simple (were)	would/could/might + V1	काल्पनिक या असंभव वर्तमान/भविष्य	If I were rich, I would build a school.
Third	if + Past Perfect	would/could/might + have + V3	अतीत की कल्पना — जो हुआ नहीं	If you had worked hard, you would have passed.

If के नियम (1) If वाले हिस्से में will/would नहीं: If he comes, I will tell him (If he will come ✗)। (2) काल्पनिक वाक्य में सभी कर्ताओं के साथ were: If I were you … (बोलचाल में was भी, पर परीक्षा में were)। (3) Third में if हटाकर क्रम उलट सकते हैं: Had you worked hard, you would have passed. इसी तरह Were I rich … Should you need help, call me. (4) unless = if … not: Unless you hurry, you will miss the bus.

Sequence of Tenses

मिश्र वाक्य में मुख्य उपवाक्य (Principal clause) की क्रिया के Tense के अनुसार आश्रित उपवाक्य का Tense बदलता है।

नियम	उदाहरण
मुख्य क्रिया Past हो तो आश्रित क्रिया भी प्रायः Past	He said that he was busy. I knew that she would come. She told me that she had seen the film.
मुख्य क्रिया Present/Future हो तो आश्रित में कोई भी Tense	He says that he was ill yesterday. He will say that he is innocent.
अपवाद: सार्वभौमिक सत्य, कहावत, आदत — Present ही रहता है	The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.
तुलना (than/as) के बाद कोई भी Tense अर्थ अनुसार	He liked you more than he likes me.
Purpose: so that / in order that — Present के साथ may, Past के साथ might	We eat so that we may live. He worked hard so that he might succeed.
lest के बाद should	Walk carefully lest you should fall.

खास रचनाएँ

रचना	नियम	उदाहरण
It is time / It is high time	+ Subject + Past Simple (अर्थ वर्तमान का)	It is high time we started working. (It is time + to + V1 भी: It is time to start.)
wish (वर्तमान की असंभव इच्छा)	+ Past Simple / were	I wish I were a bird. I wish I knew the answer.
wish (अतीत का पछतावा)	+ Past Perfect	I wish I had studied harder.
as if / as though	+ Past Simple / were (काल्पनिक तुलना)	He talks as if he were the boss.
would rather / had better	+ V1 (एक कर्ता); would rather + दूसरा कर्ता + Past	I would rather stay. I would rather you stayed. You had better leave now.
used to / be used to	used to + V1 (अतीत की आदत); be used to + V-ing (आदी होना)	I used to swim. I am used to swimming.

Tense की आम गलतियाँ

✗ गलत	✓ सही	कारण
I have seen him yesterday.	I saw him yesterday.	yesterday — Past Simple
He is knowing the answer.	He knows the answer.	stative verb
I am living here since 2020.	I have been living here since 2020.	since — Perfect Continuous
If he will work hard, he will pass.	If he works hard, he will pass.	if-clause में will नहीं
He did not came.	He did not come.	did के बाद V1
When I reached, the train already left.	When I reached, the train had already left.	पहला काम — Past Perfect
He said that he is busy.	He said that he was busy.	sequence of tenses
It is time we start.	It is time we started.	It is time + Past
She has went home.	She has gone home.	has + V3
I will wait till he will come.	I will wait till he comes.	till/until/when के बाद भविष्य के लिए Present
He was died in 2001.	He died in 2001.	die अकर्मक — Passive नहीं
Since when are you waiting?	How long have you been waiting?	अवधि — Perfect Continuous

has gone / has been He has gone to Delhi = वह दिल्ली गया है (अभी वहीं है)। He has been to Delhi = वह दिल्ली जा चुका है (लौट आया — अनुभव)।

अभ्यास प्रश्न

Fill in the blank: Water ____ at 100 degrees Celsius.
1. (a) boiled
2. (b) boils
3. (c) is boiling
4. (d) has boiled
उत्तर देखें
(b) boils — सार्वभौमिक सत्य — Present Simple।
Fill in the blank: I ____ him yesterday at the market.
1. (a) met
2. (b) have met
3. (c) had met
4. (d) meet
उत्तर देखें
(a) met — yesterday — Past Simple।
Fill in the blank: She ____ in Ranchi since 2015.
1. (a) lives
2. (b) is living
3. (c) lived
4. (d) has been living
उत्तर देखें
(d) has been living — since + जारी काम — Present Perfect Continuous।
Fill in the blank: If it ____ tomorrow, the match will be cancelled.
1. (a) will rain
2. (b) rained
3. (c) rains
4. (d) would rain
उत्तर देखें
(c) rains — First conditional: if + Present Simple।
Fill in the blank: If I ____ you, I would accept the offer.
1. (a) am
2. (b) were
3. (c) was being
4. (d) had been
उत्तर देखें
(b) were — काल्पनिक वर्तमान — were।
Fill in the blank: If he had left early, he ____ the train.
1. (a) would have caught
2. (b) will catch
3. (c) would catch
4. (d) had caught
उत्तर देखें
(a) would have caught — Third conditional।
Fill in the blank: The patient ____ before the doctor arrived.
1. (a) died
2. (b) has died
3. (c) was dying
4. (d) had died
उत्तर देखें
(d) had died — दो अतीत कामों में पहला — Past Perfect।
Fill in the blank: It is high time we ____ the work.
1. (a) start
2. (b) have started
3. (c) started
4. (d) will start
उत्तर देखें
(c) started — It is high time + Past Simple।
Fill in the blank: I ____ this book for the last two hours.
1. (a) read
2. (b) have been reading
3. (c) am reading
4. (d) had read
उत्तर देखें
(b) have been reading — for + अब तक जारी — Present Perfect Continuous।
Fill in the blank: By next March, they ____ the new bridge.
1. (a) will have completed
2. (b) will complete
3. (c) completed
4. (d) are completing
उत्तर देखें
(a) will have completed — by + भविष्य का समय — Future Perfect।
Choose the correct sentence.
1. (a) I am knowing her for years.
2. (b) I know her for years.
3. (c) I have been knowing her for years.
4. (d) I have known her for years.
उत्तर देखें
(d) I have known her for years. — know stative है; since/for के साथ Present Perfect।
Fill in the blank: He said that the earth ____ round the sun.
1. (a) moved
2. (b) had moved
3. (c) moves
4. (d) was moving
उत्तर देखें
(c) moves — सार्वभौमिक सत्य — reported speech में भी Present।
Fill in the blank: Did you ____ the letter?
1. (a) posted
2. (b) post
3. (c) posting
4. (d) have posted
उत्तर देखें
(b) post — did के बाद V1।
Fill in the blank: When I reached the hall, the lecture ____.
1. (a) had already started
2. (b) has already started
3. (c) already started
4. (d) already starts
उत्तर देखें
(a) had already started — पहुँचने से पहले शुरू हो चुका — Past Perfect।
Fill in the blank: Look! The children ____ in the rain.
1. (a) play
2. (b) played
3. (c) have played
4. (d) are playing
उत्तर देखें
(d) are playing — Look! — अभी जारी काम।
Fill in the blank: I wish I ____ harder last year.
1. (a) studied
2. (b) have studied
3. (c) had studied
4. (d) study
उत्तर देखें
(c) had studied — अतीत का पछतावा — wish + Past Perfect।
Fill in the blank: I will wait here until you ____.
1. (a) will return
2. (b) return
3. (c) returned
4. (d) would return
उत्तर देखें
(b) return — until के बाद भविष्य के अर्थ में Present Simple।
Fill in the blank: While she ____ dinner, the guests arrived.
1. (a) was cooking
2. (b) cooked
3. (c) has cooked
4. (d) had cooked
उत्तर देखें
(a) was cooking — लंबा जारी काम — Past Continuous।
Fill in the blank: He ____ to Delhi; he will return next week.
1. (a) has been
2. (b) went been
3. (c) had gone
4. (d) has gone
उत्तर देखें
(d) has gone — has gone = गया है, अभी वहीं है।
Fill in the blank: Look at those dark clouds! It ____ rain.
1. (a) will
2. (b) would
3. (c) is going to
4. (d) shall
उत्तर देखें
(c) is going to — सामने दिख रहे संकेत से अनुमान — be going to।

साथ में पढ़ेंSubject-Verb Agreement · Active and Passive Voice · Direct and Indirect Speech

संदर्भ

ये नोट्स हमने अपने शब्दों में लिखे हैं। नियमों और उदाहरणों का मिलान इन मानक स्रोतों से किया गया है:

British Council, LearnEnglish — Grammar: Present perfect; Conditionals (zero, first, second); Reported speech (tense backshift)