पत्र 1 · अंग्रेजी भाषा ज्ञान · अध्याय 3

Subject-Verb Agreement (कर्ता-क्रिया अन्विति)

क्रिया का singular या plural होना कर्ता पर निर्भर करता है। Error spotting में सबसे ज़्यादा अंक इसी अध्याय के नियमों से मिलते हैं।

अंतिम अपडेट: 2026-10-14

इस अध्याय में

मूल नियम
And से जुड़े कर्ता
Or, Nor, Either-or, Neither-nor
बीच में आए शब्द: as well as, with, along with
Each, Every, Either, Neither, Everyone, None
One of, A number of, The number of
Collective Nouns
राशि, दूरी, समय, शीर्षक
दिखने में Plural, असल में Singular — और उलटा
There is / There are; It is
Who, Which, That के बाद क्रिया
कुछ और नियम
अभ्यास प्रश्न

मूल नियम

क्रिया का वचन (number) और पुरुष (person) अपने असली कर्ता (subject) के अनुसार होता है: singular कर्ता → singular क्रिया, plural कर्ता → plural क्रिया।

	Singular क्रिया	Plural क्रिया
Present Simple	He plays. The boy runs.	They play. The boys run.
be	is, was, has	are, were, have
do	does, doesn't	do, don't

उल्टा मत समझिए संज्ञा में s लगे तो plural (boys), पर क्रिया में s लगे तो singular (runs)। I और you के साथ हमेशा plural रूप: I am/have, you are/were/don't। He don't ✗ → He doesn't।

And से जुड़े कर्ता

नियम	उदाहरण
दो कर्ता and से जुड़े → plural	Ram and Shyam are friends.
दोनों मिलकर एक ही व्यक्ति/वस्तु/भाव हों → singular	Bread and butter is my breakfast. Slow and steady wins the race. Rice and curry is served.
एक ही व्यक्ति के दो पद — article एक बार → singular	The Secretary and Treasurer has resigned. (एक व्यक्ति)
दो अलग व्यक्ति — article दोनों बार → plural	The Secretary and the Treasurer have resigned. (दो व्यक्ति)
each/every/no से पहले and वाले कर्ता → singular	Every boy and girl was present. Each man and woman has a vote. No boy and no girl was absent.

Or, Nor, Either-or, Neither-nor

क्रिया पास वाले कर्ता (nearer subject) के अनुसार होती है — इसे Proximity Rule कहते हैं।

Either Ram or his brothers are guilty. — brothers पास है
Neither the students nor the teacher was present. — teacher पास है
Either you or I am wrong. — I पास है — am
Neither he nor you are to blame. — you पास है
The book or the pen is in the drawer. — दोनों singular

अच्छी शैली plural कर्ता को क्रिया के पास रखें: Neither the teacher nor the students were present.

अकेले either/neither जब either/neither सर्वनाम या विशेषण हो (or/nor के बिना), तो क्रिया singular: Neither of the two boys has come. Either road leads to the station.

बीच में आए शब्द: as well as, with, along with

ये शब्द कर्ता को जोड़ते नहीं — क्रिया पहले वाले कर्ता के अनुसार होती है: as well as, with, along with, together with, accompanied by, besides, in addition to, including, like, unlike, rather than, and not, no less than, more than।

The captain, as well as his players, is anxious. — captain
The minister, along with his officers, was present. — minister
The students, with their teacher, have gone on a tour. — students
He, and not his brothers, is responsible. — He
I, rather than he, am to blame. — I

Of वाले वाक्यांश से धोखा न खाएँ: The quality of the mangoes is good. (mangoes नहीं, quality कर्ता है)। The cost of these books has gone up. The leader of the farmers was arrested.

Each, Every, Either, Neither, Everyone, None

शब्द	क्रिया	उदाहरण
each, every, either, neither	singular	Each of the girls has a bicycle. Every student is present.
everyone, everybody, everything, someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, nothing	singular	Everybody knows the truth. Nobody was there.
many a + singular noun	singular	Many a student has failed in this paper.
more than one + singular noun	singular	More than one boy was absent.
none	दोनों — अर्थ अनुसार (परीक्षा में: गिनने योग्य के साथ plural, अगणनीय के साथ singular)	None of the students have passed. None of the money was spent.
all, some, most, half, a lot of, plenty of, part of, the rest of	of के बाद वाली संज्ञा के अनुसार	Some of the milk is spoiled. Some of the boys are absent. Half of the work is done. Half of the players were injured.
both, few, many, several, a few	plural	Both of them are doctors. Few were chosen.

Pronoun भी singular Each of the boys has done his homework. (their ✗ परीक्षा के अनुसार)। Everyone must bring his or her card.

One of, A number of, The number of

रचना	नियम	उदाहरण
one of + plural noun	singular क्रिया (कर्ता one है)	One of my friends is a doctor. (one of my friend ✗)
one of + plural noun + who/that	who/that का संबंध plural noun से → plural क्रिया	He is one of the best players who have played for India.
the only one of … who	singular	He is the only one of the players who has scored a century.
a number of (= बहुत से)	plural	A number of students were absent.
the number of (= संख्या)	singular	The number of students is increasing.
a great deal of / an amount of	singular (uncountable)	A great deal of money was wasted.
a pair of / a series of / a list of	singular	A pair of shoes is lying here. A series of lectures was held.

Collective Nouns

team, family, jury, committee, class, army, crowd, audience, government, group, council, staff, public —

अर्थ	क्रिया	उदाहरण
समूह एक इकाई की तरह काम करे	singular	The jury has given its verdict. The committee meets on Monday.
सदस्यों में मतभेद या अलग-अलग काम	plural	The jury were divided in their opinions. The family are arguing among themselves.

हमेशा Plural: police, people, cattle, poultry, gentry, clergy, peasantry, vermin — The police have come. Cattle are grazing. (इनका "s" वाला रूप नहीं होता)।

राशि, दूरी, समय, शीर्षक

नियम	उदाहरण
धन, दूरी, समय, वज़न की पूरी राशि → singular	Ten thousand rupees is a big amount. Five kilometres is a long walk. Two hours is enough. Fifty kilograms is heavy.
अलग-अलग इकाइयों पर ज़ोर हो → plural	Ten rupees were found scattered on the floor.
किताब, फ़िल्म, अख़बार, संस्था का नाम → singular	'The Arabian Nights' is a famous book. The United States is a large country. 'Gitanjali' was written by Tagore.
गणित की क्रियाएँ → प्रायः singular	Two and two makes four. Five times six is thirty.
भिन्न/प्रतिशत → of के बाद वाली संज्ञा के अनुसार	Two-thirds of the land is barren. Sixty per cent of the voters were women.

दिखने में Plural, असल में Singular — और उलटा

वर्ग	शब्द	क्रिया
विषय/रोग/खेल	news, mathematics, physics, economics, civics, ethics, measles, mumps, rickets, billiards, athletics, innings	singular — The news is true.
Uncountable	information, advice, furniture, luggage, equipment, scenery, machinery, poetry, knowledge	singular — The furniture is new.
दो हिस्सों वाली चीज़ें	scissors, trousers, spectacles, tongs, jeans, pliers	plural — The scissors are sharp. पर A pair of scissors is…
हमेशा plural	goods, riches, thanks, premises, surroundings, outskirts, alms, proceeds, savings, wages (प्रायः)	plural — His riches have made him proud.
Politics, statistics	politics, statistics	विषय हो तो singular, विचार/आँकड़े हों तो plural — Statistics is a branch of maths. These statistics are wrong.

There is / There are; It is

There is a book on the table. — there के बाद आने वाली संज्ञा (book) तय करती है
There are many books on the table. — books
There is a pen and two pencils in the box. — पहली संज्ञा (a pen) singular — औपचारिक नियम पास वाली संज्ञा का
Here are your keys. — here के साथ भी वही नियम
It is these boys who are responsible. — It is हमेशा singular; who की क्रिया boys के अनुसार

Who, Which, That के बाद क्रिया

Relative pronoun (who, which, that) की क्रिया उसके Antecedent (जिस संज्ञा/सर्वनाम के लिए वह आया है) के वचन और पुरुष के अनुसार होती है।

I, who am your friend, will help you. — antecedent I
You, who are my teacher, should guide me. — you
The boys who were playing ran away. — boys
This is the house which has a red roof. — house

कुछ और नियम

नियम	उदाहरण
Gerund/Infinitive/Clause कर्ता हो → singular	Swimming is good exercise. To err is human. What he says is true. Whether he will come is doubtful.
The + adjective (वर्ग के लोग) → plural	The rich are not always happy. The poor need help. The unemployed are protesting.
The + adjective (भाव) → singular	The beautiful attracts everyone.
Kind of / sort of / type of → kind के अनुसार	This kind of books is useful. These kinds of books are useful.
नकारात्मक (not, but) — सकारात्मक कर्ता के अनुसार	The students, not the teacher, are responsible. Not only the teacher but also the students were present. (but also वाले कर्ता के अनुसार)
उल्टे क्रम वाले वाक्य — क्रिया बाद वाले असली कर्ता के अनुसार	On the hill stand two old temples. Here comes the bus.
Majority	The majority is in favour. (समूह) / A majority of voters were women. (सदस्य)

Error spotting की जाँच-सूची (1) असली कर्ता खोजें — of, with, as well as वाले हिस्से हटा दें। (2) देखें कर्ता each/every/one of/none/either से तो शुरू नहीं। (3) news, scenery, police, cattle जैसे खास शब्द पहचानें। (4) or/nor हो तो पास वाला कर्ता। (5) who/which हो तो antecedent। (6) Pronoun (his/their) भी कर्ता से मेल खाए।

अभ्यास प्रश्न

Fill in the blank: The teacher, along with his students, ____ visited the museum.
1. (a) have
2. (b) has
3. (c) were
4. (d) are
उत्तर देखें
(b) has — along with से क्रिया नहीं बदलती — कर्ता teacher।
Fill in the blank: Neither the manager nor the clerks ____ present.
1. (a) were
2. (b) is
3. (c) was
4. (d) has been
उत्तर देखें
(a) were — पास वाला कर्ता clerks — plural।
Fill in the blank: Either you or he ____ to go.
1. (a) have
2. (b) were
3. (c) are
4. (d) has
उत्तर देखें
(d) has — पास वाला कर्ता he।
Fill in the blank: Each of the players ____ a new kit.
1. (a) have got
2. (b) are getting
3. (c) has got
4. (d) were given
उत्तर देखें
(c) has got — each — singular।
Fill in the blank: One of my friends ____ an IAS officer.
1. (a) are
2. (b) is
3. (c) were
4. (d) have been
उत्तर देखें
(b) is — one of + plural noun → singular क्रिया।
Fill in the blank: A number of students ____ absent today.
1. (a) are
2. (b) was
3. (c) is
4. (d) has been
उत्तर देखें
(a) are — a number of = बहुत से → plural।
Fill in the blank: The number of road accidents ____ increasing.
1. (a) are
2. (b) were
3. (c) have been
4. (d) is
उत्तर देखें
(d) is — the number of = संख्या → singular।
Fill in the blank: Bread and butter ____ his usual breakfast.
1. (a) are
2. (b) were
3. (c) is
4. (d) have been
उत्तर देखें
(c) is — एक ही खाद्य-इकाई → singular।
Fill in the blank: The Principal and Secretary ____ arrived.
1. (a) have
2. (b) has
3. (c) are
4. (d) were
उत्तर देखें
(b) has — article एक बार — एक ही व्यक्ति।
Fill in the blank: Ten kilometres ____ a long distance to walk.
1. (a) is
2. (b) are
3. (c) were
4. (d) have
उत्तर देखें
(a) is — पूरी दूरी एक राशि → singular।
Fill in the blank: Mathematics ____ my favourite subject.
1. (a) are
2. (b) have been
3. (c) were
4. (d) is
उत्तर देखें
(d) is — विषय का नाम — singular।
Fill in the blank: The cattle ____ grazing in the field.
1. (a) is
2. (b) was
3. (c) are
4. (d) has been
उत्तर देखें
(c) are — cattle हमेशा plural।
Fill in the blank: Many a man ____ tried to climb this peak.
1. (a) have
2. (b) has
3. (c) are
4. (d) were
उत्तर देखें
(b) has — many a + singular noun → singular।
Fill in the blank: The jury ____ divided in their opinion.
1. (a) were
2. (b) is
3. (c) was
4. (d) has
उत्तर देखें
(a) were — सदस्यों में मतभेद → plural।
Fill in the blank: I, who ____ your elder brother, advise you.
1. (a) is
2. (b) are
3. (c) be
4. (d) am
उत्तर देखें
(d) am — who का antecedent I → am।
Fill in the blank: There ____ a lot of mistakes in your answer.
1. (a) is
2. (b) was
3. (c) are
4. (d) has
उत्तर देखें
(c) are — a lot of + mistakes (plural)।
Fill in the blank: Some of the milk ____ gone sour.
1. (a) have
2. (b) has
3. (c) are
4. (d) were
उत्तर देखें
(b) has — of के बाद milk (uncountable) → singular।
Fill in the blank: The rich ____ not always happy.
1. (a) are
2. (b) is
3. (c) was
4. (d) has
उत्तर देखें
(a) are — the + adjective (वर्ग) → plural।
Fill in the blank: He is one of those men who ____ never late.
1. (a) is
2. (b) has been
3. (c) was
4. (d) are
उत्तर देखें
(d) are — who का antecedent men → plural।
Fill in the blank: The quality of these apples ____ not good.
1. (a) are
2. (b) were
3. (c) is
4. (d) have
उत्तर देखें
(c) is — असली कर्ता quality।

साथ में पढ़ेंParts of Speech · Error Spotting

संदर्भ

ये नोट्स हमने अपने शब्दों में लिखे हैं। नियमों और उदाहरणों का मिलान इन मानक स्रोतों से किया गया है:

Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) — Subject-Verb Agreement
British Council, LearnEnglish — Grammar: Countable and uncountable nouns