पत्र 1 · अंग्रेजी भाषा ज्ञान · अध्याय 4
Articles और Prepositions
Articles (a, an, the) और Prepositions के प्रश्न fill in the blanks और error spotting दोनों में आते हैं। नियम छोटे हैं, पर अपवाद ज़्यादा — इसलिए यहाँ अपवादों पर विशेष ध्यान है।
अंतिम अपडेट: 2026-10-14
इस अध्याय में
A और An: ध्वनि का नियम
a और an का चुनाव अगले शब्द के पहले अक्षर से नहीं, उसकी पहली ध्वनि (sound) से होता है। स्वर-ध्वनि (अ, आ, इ, ए, ओ…) से पहले an, व्यंजन-ध्वनि से पहले a।
| स्थिति | उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| अक्षर स्वर, पर ध्वनि 'यू' (य) या 'वन' (व) — a | a university, a European, a uniform, a useful book, a union, a one-rupee coin, a one-way street, a eucalyptus tree, a ewe |
| अक्षर h, पर h मौन (silent) — an | an hour, an honest man, an heir, an honour, an honourable person |
| h बोला जाता है — a | a horse, a hotel, a historic day, a house, a hospital |
| अक्षरों में पढ़े जाने वाले संक्षिप्त रूप — पहले अक्षर का उच्चारण | an MLA (एम), an MBA, an SP (एस), an FIR (एफ़), an X-ray, an LLB; a BA (बी), a UN official (यू), a PhD |
| शब्द की तरह पढ़े जाने वाले संक्षिप्त रूप | a NATO meeting, a UNESCO site |
A/An कब लगता है
| नियम | उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| Singular countable noun का पहला उल्लेख / कोई भी एक | I saw a tiger in Betla. He bought a car. |
| पेशा, पद (complement में) | She is a doctor. He wants to be an engineer. |
| 'प्रति' के अर्थ में | twice a day, sixty km an hour, ₹50 a kilo |
| कुछ संख्या/मात्रा वाले वाक्यांश | a lot of, a few, a little, a great deal of, a dozen, a hundred, a couple of, half an hour |
| विस्मय (what/such/so/quite/rather) — singular countable के साथ | What a beautiful view! Such a nice man! quite a good idea |
| Proper noun से पहले 'कोई एक' या 'जैसा' के अर्थ में | A Mr. Sharma called you. He is a second Tagore. |
| कुछ बीमारियाँ | a cold, a headache, a fever, a cough, a toothache |
| कुछ मुहावरेदार वाक्यांश | in a hurry, at a loss, as a rule, in a nutshell, make a noise, take a seat, have a look, keep an eye on, all of a sudden |
The कब लगता है
| नियम | उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| जिसका पहले उल्लेख हो चुका / जो सुनने वाला जानता है | I saw a tiger. The tiger was huge. Close the door. |
| संसार में एक ही | the sun, the moon, the earth, the sky, the world, the universe |
| Superlative degree | the best, the tallest, the most important |
| क्रमसूचक संख्या | the first, the second, the last, the only |
| नदी, समुद्र, महासागर, नहर, खाड़ी, रेगिस्तान, पर्वत-श्रृंखला, द्वीप-समूह | the Ganga, the Subarnarekha, the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea, the Suez Canal, the Bay of Bengal, the Thar, the Himalayas, the Andamans |
| धर्मग्रंथ, अख़बार, जहाज़, ट्रेन, ऐतिहासिक इमारतें | the Gita, the Bible, the Hindustan Times, the Titanic, the Rajdhani Express, the Taj Mahal |
| बहुवचन या 'of/Republic/Kingdom/States' वाले देश-नाम | the USA, the UK, the Netherlands, the Philippines, the Republic of India |
| जाति/वर्ग का प्रतिनिधित्व (singular noun) | The cow is a useful animal. The rose is a beautiful flower. |
| The + adjective = वर्ग के लोग | the rich, the poor, the blind, the old |
| राष्ट्रीयता (समूह) | the Indians, the Japanese, the French |
| वाद्ययंत्र | He plays the flute / the guitar. |
| दिशा (संज्ञा के रूप में) | in the east, to the north (पर: He went north — adverb) |
| Comparative, जब दो में चुनना या the … the | the better of the two; the more, the merrier |
| किसी विशेष उपयोग वाली जगह — उद्देश्य अलग हो तो | He went to the school to meet the principal. (पढ़ने नहीं) |
| दशक, ऐतिहासिक घटना | in the 1990s, the French Revolution, the Mughal period |
| Proper noun की विशेषता (adjective) हो | the great Ashoka, the immortal Kalidas |
| Proper noun को common noun की तरह (तुलना) | Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India. |
कहाँ Article नहीं लगता (Zero Article)
| नियम | उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| व्यक्ति, शहर, राज्य, एकवचन देश, महाद्वीप का नाम | Ranchi, Jharkhand, India, Asia |
| अकेली पहाड़ी चोटी, झील | Mount Everest, Parasnath Hill, Lake Chilika (पर: the Dal Lake भी चलता है) |
| Plural/uncountable noun — सामान्य अर्थ में | Books are our best friends. Honesty is the best policy. Milk is good for health. Gold is costly. |
| भाषा, विषय, खेल, रंग | He speaks Hindi. I like History. They play cricket. Red is my favourite colour. (पर: the Hindi language) |
| भोजन के नाम (सामान्य) | We have lunch at one. (पर: The dinner you cooked was tasty. / a grand dinner) |
| बीमारियाँ (अधिकतर) | malaria, cancer, typhoid, diabetes |
| दिन, महीने, त्योहार | on Monday, in July, at Diwali |
| school, college, hospital, church, prison, bed, temple — अपने मुख्य उद्देश्य के लिए | He goes to school. She is in hospital. The thief was sent to prison. Go to bed. |
| परिवहन के साधन (by के साथ) | by bus, by train, by air, on foot |
| पद/उपाधि जो एक ही व्यक्ति के पास हो (complement में) | He was elected President. She became Principal. |
| संबोधन | Come here, boy. |
| man, mankind (पूरी मानव जाति) | Man is mortal. (The man ✗) |
| Possessive/Demonstrative के साथ | my book, this book (the my book ✗) |
| कुछ वाक्यांश | at home, at night, by chance, in time, on time, at sea, go to sea, in debt, by heart, on foot, at last, in fact |
Articles की आम गलतियाँ
| ✗ | ✓ | कारण |
|---|---|---|
| He is honest man. | He is an honest man. | singular countable को article चाहिए; h मौन |
| She is an university student. | She is a university student. | 'यू' ध्वनि |
| The honesty is the best policy. | Honesty is the best policy. | सामान्य abstract noun |
| Ganga is a holy river. | The Ganga is a holy river. | नदी |
| He is the best of two. | He is the better of the two. | दो में comparative |
| I have a news for you. | I have news / a piece of news for you. | news uncountable |
| He goes to the bed at ten. | He goes to bed at ten. | मुख्य उद्देश्य |
| What a good advice! | What good advice! | advice uncountable |
| The Mount Everest is high. | Mount Everest is high. | अकेली चोटी |
| He plays the cricket. | He plays cricket. | खेल |
Preposition क्या है
Preposition संज्ञा या सर्वनाम से पहले आकर उसका संबंध वाक्य के दूसरे शब्दों से बताता है (हिंदी के "में, पर, से, को, के लिए" जैसे — पर अंग्रेजी में ये शब्द से पहले आते हैं)। Preposition के बाद सर्वनाम का object रूप और क्रिया का -ing रूप आता है: with him, for us, without saying।
समय के Prepositions
| Preposition | किसके साथ | उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| at | घड़ी का समय, निश्चित क्षण, त्योहार, कुछ वाक्यांश | at 5 o'clock, at noon, at midnight, at night, at sunrise, at Diwali, at the moment, at present, at the end |
| on | दिन, तारीख, विशेष दिन | on Sunday, on 15th August, on my birthday, on Independence Day, on Monday morning |
| in | महीना, वर्ष, ऋतु, सदी, दिन के हिस्से, अवधि के बाद | in May, in 2026, in winter, in the 21st century, in the morning/evening, in two days (दो दिन बाद) |
| since | शुरुआती बिंदु (Perfect Tense के साथ) | since 2010, since morning, since Monday |
| for | अवधि | for two hours, for a week |
| from … to/till | शुरुआत और अंत | from 9 to 5, from Monday till Friday |
| during | किसी घटना/अवधि के दौरान | during the war, during the vacation |
| within | समय-सीमा के भीतर | within a week |
| by | किसी समय तक (उससे पहले नहीं बाद में नहीं) | Submit it by Friday. By then he had left. |
| till / until | किसी समय तक लगातार | I waited till 6. |
| before / after | पहले / बाद | before lunch, after the exam |
स्थान और दिशा के Prepositions
| Preposition | प्रयोग | उदाहरण |
|---|---|---|
| at | निश्चित बिंदु, छोटी जगह, पता | at the bus stop, at the door, at 12 Main Road, at home, at school |
| in | किसी चीज़ के अंदर, बड़ा क्षेत्र | in the room, in Ranchi, in India, in the box, in the sky |
| on | सतह पर, सड़क/मंज़िल | on the table, on the wall, on the second floor, on M.G. Road |
| into | बाहर से अंदर की ओर गति | He jumped into the river. (in = अंदर स्थिर) |
| onto | ऊपर की ओर गति | The cat jumped onto the roof. |
| to / towards | गंतव्य / दिशा | He went to Dhanbad. He ran towards me. |
| over / above | over = ठीक ऊपर, ढकते हुए या पार; above = ऊँचाई में ऊपर (छुए बिना) | a bridge over the river; The plane flew above the clouds. |
| under / below / beneath | under = ठीक नीचे; below = स्तर से नीचे | under the table; below the sea level; below 18 years |
| across / through / along | across = एक सिरे से दूसरे (सतह पर); through = अंदर से होकर; along = किनारे-किनारे | across the road, through the forest, along the river |
| between / among | between = दो के बीच; among = दो से अधिक के बीच | between Ram and Shyam; among the students (between भी चलता है जब अलग-अलग इकाइयाँ गिनाई जाएँ) |
| beside / besides | beside = बगल में; besides = के अलावा | He sat beside me. Besides English, he knows French. |
| by / near | पास | a house by the river |
| off | से अलग, दूर | He fell off the horse. Keep off the grass. |
भ्रम वाले जोड़े
| जोड़ा | अंतर और उदाहरण |
|---|---|
| by / with | by — कर्ता (passive) और साधन-यातायात: written by Premchand, by bus; with — औज़ार: He cut it with a knife. |
| in / within | in two days = दो दिन बाद; within two days = दो दिन के अंदर |
| since / from | since — Perfect के साथ शुरुआती बिंदु; from — शुरुआत और अंत |
| die of / die from / die for | die of = बीमारी (died of cholera); die from = चोट/कारण (died from a wound); die for = किसी उद्देश्य के लिए (died for the country) |
| angry with / angry at | angry with a person; angry at a thing/action |
| agree with / agree to | agree with a person/opinion; agree to a proposal/plan |
| blind of / blind to | blind of one eye (शारीरिक); blind to his faults (अनदेखा) |
| comply with / compare to-with | comply with rules; compare to = उपमा देना, compare with = तुलना करना |
| disappointed in / with / at | in/with a person; at/with a thing/result |
| part from / part with | part from a person; part with a thing |
| differ from / differ with | differ from = भिन्न होना; differ with someone = असहमत होना |
| live on / live in / live by | live on rice (आहार); live in Ranchi; live by farming (जीविका) |
| look after / for / into / up to / down upon | देखभाल / खोजना / जाँच करना / आदर करना / तुच्छ समझना |
Fixed Prepositions: शब्द के साथ तय Preposition
कुछ शब्दों के साथ हमेशा एक निश्चित Preposition आता है। ये रटने पड़ते हैं — परीक्षा में बार-बार पूछे जाते हैं।
Verb + Preposition
- abide by (rules)
- abstain from
- accuse someone of
- acquit someone of
- adhere to
- aim at
- apologise to someone for something
- approve of
- believe in
- belong to
- beware of
- boast of
- charge someone with (a crime)
- cling to
- comment on
- complain to someone about/of
- conform to
- consist of
- cope with
- depend on/upon
- deprive someone of
- desist from
- dispose of
- dwell on/upon
- indulge in
- insist on
- interfere in (matter) / with (person)
- object to
- persist in
- prevent someone from
- prohibit someone from
- refrain from
- rely on
- result in (परिणाम) / result from (कारण)
- succeed in
- suffer from
- superior to / inferior to
- sympathise with
- wait for / wait on (सेवा करना)
Adjective/Participle + Preposition
- accustomed to
- addicted to
- afraid of
- anxious about (चिंतित) / for (उत्सुक)
- ashamed of
- aware of
- capable of
- confident of
- conscious of
- devoid of
- different from
- eligible for
- famous for
- fond of
- full of
- good at
- guilty of
- indifferent to
- interested in
- jealous of
- married to
- necessary for
- prejudiced against
- proud of
- responsible to (person) for (thing)
- similar to
- sure of
- tired of (ऊबा) / tired from (थका)
- true to
- worthy of
Noun + Preposition
- access to
- cure for
- demand for
- devotion to
- key to
- lack of
- need for
- objection to
- preference for
- respect for
- solution to/of
- supply of
- sympathy for
- taste for
- reason for
जहाँ Preposition नहीं लगता
इन क्रियाओं के सीधे बाद object आता है — Hindi में "को/से/के बारे में" लगने से अंग्रेजी में भी गलती से preposition जोड़ दिया जाता है:
- We discussed the problem. — discussed about ✗
- He entered the room. — entered into the room ✗ (enter into = समझौता/बहस में प्रवेश)
- She married a doctor. — married with ✗ (पर: got married to)
- I ordered a book. — ordered for ✗
- He resembles his father. — resembles with ✗
- Please answer my question. — answer to ✗ (पर संज्ञा: the answer to)
- They attacked the enemy. — attacked on ✗ (पर संज्ञा: an attack on)
- He reached the station. — reached at ✗
- I told him the truth. — told to him ✗ (पर: said to him)
- She requested help. / requested him to help. — requested for ✗ (संज्ञा: a request for)
- We accompanied him. — accompanied with ✗
अभ्यास प्रश्न
Fill in the blank: He is ____ honest officer.
- (a) a
- (b) an
- (c) the
- (d) no article
उत्तर देखें
(b) an — h मौन — स्वर-ध्वनि।
Fill in the blank: She is ____ European.
- (a) a
- (b) an
- (c) the
- (d) no article
उत्तर देखें
(a) a — European की ध्वनि "यू" — व्यंजन ध्वनि।
Fill in the blank: He was ____ MLA from Dumka.
- (a) a
- (b) no article
- (c) the
- (d) an
उत्तर देखें
(d) an — M = "एम" — स्वर ध्वनि।
Fill in the blank: ____ Subarnarekha flows through Ranchi.
- (a) A
- (b) An
- (c) The
- (d) No article
उत्तर देखें
(c) The — नदियों के नाम से पहले the।
Fill in the blank: ____ honesty is the best policy.
- (a) The
- (b) No article
- (c) A
- (d) An
उत्तर देखें
(b) No article — सामान्य abstract noun — article नहीं।
Fill in the blank: He is ____ tallest boy in the class.
- (a) the
- (b) an
- (c) a
- (d) no article
उत्तर देखें
(a) the — superlative के साथ the।
Fill in the blank: We travelled to Delhi ____ train.
- (a) by a
- (b) by the
- (c) with
- (d) by
उत्तर देखें
(d) by — यातायात के साधन — by + संज्ञा, article नहीं।
Fill in the blank: I have been waiting here ____ 10 o'clock.
- (a) for
- (b) from
- (c) since
- (d) at
उत्तर देखें
(c) since — शुरुआती बिंदु + Perfect Continuous — since।
Fill in the blank: The meeting is ____ Monday ____ 11 a.m.
- (a) in, at
- (b) on, at
- (c) at, on
- (d) on, in
उत्तर देखें
(b) on, at — दिन के साथ on, घड़ी के समय के साथ at।
Fill in the blank: Divide the sweets ____ the four children.
- (a) among
- (b) between
- (c) in
- (d) with
उत्तर देखें
(a) among — दो से अधिक — among।
Fill in the blank: ____ Hindi, he knows Santhali and Kurmali.
- (a) Beside
- (b) Without
- (c) Except
- (d) Besides
उत्तर देखें
(d) Besides — besides = के अलावा।
Fill in the blank: He died ____ malaria.
- (a) from
- (b) by
- (c) of
- (d) with
उत्तर देखें
(c) of — बीमारी — die of।
Fill in the blank: He cut the apple ____ a knife.
- (a) by
- (b) with
- (c) from
- (d) through
उत्तर देखें
(b) with — औज़ार — with।
Fill in the blank: I agree ____ your proposal.
- (a) to
- (b) with
- (c) on
- (d) for
उत्तर देखें
(a) to — प्रस्ताव से सहमति — agree to।
Fill in the blank: She is fond ____ music.
- (a) in
- (b) about
- (c) for
- (d) of
उत्तर देखें
(d) of — fond of।
Fill in the blank: He was accused ____ theft.
- (a) for
- (b) with
- (c) of
- (d) about
उत्तर देखें
(c) of — accuse of (पर charge with)।
Identify the correct sentence.
- (a) We discussed about the plan.
- (b) We discussed the plan.
- (c) We discussed on the plan.
- (d) We discussed over the plan.
उत्तर देखें
(b) We discussed the plan. — discuss के बाद preposition नहीं।
Fill in the blank: He jumped ____ the well.
- (a) into
- (b) in
- (c) on
- (d) inside of
उत्तर देखें
(a) into — बाहर से अंदर गति — into।
Fill in the blank: The train arrived ____ time; not a minute late.
- (a) in
- (b) by
- (c) at
- (d) on
उत्तर देखें
(d) on — on time = ठीक समय पर।
Fill in the blank: He prefers walking ____ cycling.
- (a) than
- (b) over than
- (c) to
- (d) from
उत्तर देखें
(c) to — prefer … to।
संदर्भ
ये नोट्स हमने अपने शब्दों में लिखे हैं। नियमों और उदाहरणों का मिलान इन मानक स्रोतों से किया गया है:
- British Council, LearnEnglish — Grammar: Articles (a, an, the; zero article; a/an by sound)